Solar energy technology converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells or concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. PV cells directly convert sunlight into electricity, while CSP systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver, which produces heat to generate electricity.

Wind turbines capture the kinetic energy of wind and convert it into electricity. As the wind blows, it spins the turbine blades, which turn a generator and produce electricity. Wind farms consist of multiple turbines that are connected to an electrical grid.

Hydropower harnesses the energy of flowing or falling water to generate electricity. It typically involves constructing dams or using river currents, tidal movements, or ocean waves to drive turbines, which generate electricity.

Biomass energy utilises organic matter such as wood, agricultural waste, and dedicated energy crops to produce heat, electricity, or biofuels. Biomass can be burned directly, converted into biogas through anaerobic digestion, or transformed into liquid biofuels through processes like fermentation or pyrolysis.

Geothermal energy utilises heat from within the Earth to generate electricity or provide heating and cooling. Geothermal power plants tap into hot water or steam reservoirs underground and convert the geothermal energy into electricity through steam turbines.

Ocean energy technologies capture energy from ocean waves, tides, or temperature differences. Wave energy converters extract energy from the motion of ocean waves, while tidal turbines harness the kinetic energy of tidal currents. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilises temperature differences between surface and deep seawater to produce electricity.

Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical process that combines hydrogen and oxygen, producing water vapor as the only byproduct. Fuel cells can be used to power vehicles, buildings, and various devices, providing a clean and efficient energy source.